Hindu Philosophy & Schools

Imagine you're dreaming and see many characters - when you wake up, you realise they were all YOU. Advaita says our waking life is similar - all separate beings are actually one consciousness (Brahman) experiencing itself through many forms. Realising this is moksha.

Ramanuja's 'qualified non-dualism' says souls are real and distinct but exist within God like cells in a body. You're genuinely you, but you're also part of Vishnu's divine body. It allows personal devotion (bhakti) while maintaining philosophical depth. The best of both worlds.

Madhvacharya's dualism says God (Vishnu), souls, and matter are permanently distinct realities. You will never merge into God - instead, liberated souls enjoy eternal bliss in Vishnu's presence. It's the most strongly theistic Hindu philosophy and the foundation of ISKCON theology.

Samkhya is one of the oldest Hindu philosophies, teaching that reality has two eternal principles: Purusha (consciousness, passive witness) and Prakriti (matter/nature, active doer). Liberation comes from discriminating between the two - realising 'I am the witness, not the body.'

Nyaya is Hindu logic and epistemology - the science of correct reasoning. It defines four valid means of knowledge: perception, inference, comparison, and testimony. It's the philosophical toolkit that makes rigorous Hindu debate possible. Think of it as ancient critical thinking.

Patanjali's Yoga philosophy is a complete system for stilling the mind's fluctuations. The eight limbs progress from ethics to meditation to samadhi. Yoga means 'union' - the state where individual consciousness merges with universal consciousness. Asanas are just one limb of eight.

Purva Mimamsa focuses on the correct interpretation and performance of Vedic rituals, arguing that dharmic action (not just knowledge) leads to liberation. It's the most action-oriented Hindu philosophy and established rules for Vedic interpretation still used today.

Vaisheshika is Hindu atomism - it categorises all reality into six categories (padarthas): substance, quality, action, generality, particularity, and inherence. Sage Kanada proposed that all matter is made of indivisible atoms. It's ancient India's contribution to physics and metaphysics.

Tat Tvam Asi - 'You are That' - is one of the four great statements (Mahavakyas) of the Upanishads. It means your individual consciousness IS the universal consciousness. You're not a drop in the ocean; you're the entire ocean in a drop. Mind-blowing when you truly get it.

Atman is the pure, unchanging soul - your true nature. Jiva is the atman wrapped in karma, ego, and bodily identification - your current experiencing self. Think of atman as the sun and jiva as the sun covered by clouds. The clouds are temporary; the sun is eternal.

Shankara's Maya is cosmic ignorance that makes the one Brahman appear as the many world - like mistaking a rope for a snake in dim light. Maya is neither real (it disappears upon enlightenment) nor unreal (we experience it). It's 'neither this nor that' - a philosophical puzzle by design.

Sat-Chit-Ananda (Existence-Consciousness-Bliss) describes the nature of Brahman and your true self. You exist (sat), you are aware (chit), and your fundamental nature is bliss (ananda). Suffering comes only from forgetting this. It's the most compact description of ultimate reality in Hindu philosophy.

The four great Upanishadic statements are: 'Prajnanam Brahma' (Consciousness is Brahman), 'Aham Brahmasmi' (I am Brahman), 'Tat Tvam Asi' (You are That), and 'Ayam Atma Brahma' (This Self is Brahman). Each from a different Veda, all saying the same revolutionary truth.

Karma Yoga is the path of selfless action - performing your duties without attachment to results, offering all work as service to the divine. It doesn't mean being passive; it means being fully engaged while internally free. It's the Gita's answer to 'how do I live in the world spiritually?'

Bhakti Yoga is the path of loving devotion to a personal God. Through prayer, chanting, worship, and surrender, the devotee cultivates an intimate relationship with the divine. The Bhagavata Purana describes nine forms of bhakti, from listening to complete self-surrender.

Jnana Yoga is the path of knowledge and self-inquiry. Through discrimination (viveka) between the real and unreal, and detachment (vairagya) from the temporary, the seeker directly realises their identity with Brahman. It's the most intellectually demanding path but leads to the most radical freedom.

Raja Yoga is Patanjali's systematic eight-limbed path: ethical restraints (yama), observances (niyama), postures (asana), breath control (pranayama), sense withdrawal (pratyahara), concentration (dharana), meditation (dhyana), and absorption (samadhi). It's the scientific, step-by-step approach to enlightenment.

Tantra is a vast tradition teaching that the material world isn't an obstacle to liberation but its very vehicle. Rather than renouncing the body and senses, Tantra transforms them into tools for awakening. It embraces Shakti (feminine power) and sees the sacred in everything, including what other traditions reject.

Neti Neti - 'not this, not this' - is the Upanishadic method of approaching Brahman by negation. Since Brahman is beyond all description, you systematically deny what it is NOT until only the indescribable truth remains. It's the via negativa of Hindu philosophy.

Lila means 'divine play' - the idea that God creates and sustains the universe not out of need or duty but out of spontaneous, joyful creative play. Just as children play for the sheer delight of it, so does the divine. The universe is God's art project, created for the love of creating.